Simply put, applications need to form data and display the data. Qt Quick has the notion of models , views ，和 delegates to display data. They modularize the visualization of data in order to give the developer or designer control over the different aspects of the data. A developer can swap a list view with a grid view with little changes to the data. Similarly, encapsulating an instance of the data in a delegate allows the developer to dictate how to present or handle the data.
To visualize data, bind the view's
model
property to a model and the
delegate
property to a component or another compatible type.
Views are containers for collections of items. They are feature-rich and can be customizable to meet style or behavior requirements.
A set of standard views are provided in the basic set of Qt Quick graphical types:
These types have properties and behaviors exclusive to each type. Visit their respective documentation for more information.
Views allow visual customization through
decoration
properties such as the
header
,
footer
，和
section
properties. By binding an object, usually another visual object, to these properties, the views are decoratable. A footer may include a
Rectangle
type showcasing borders or a header that displays a logo on top of the list.
Suppose that a specific club wants to decorate its members list with its brand colors. A member list is in a
model
和
delegate
will display the model's content.
ListModel { id: nameModel ListElement { name: "Alice" } ListElement { name: "Bob" } ListElement { name: "Jane" } ListElement { name: "Harry" } ListElement { name: "Wendy" } } Component { id: nameDelegate Text { text: name; font.pixelSize: 24 } }
The club may decorate the members list by binding visual objects to the
header
and
footer
properties. The visual object may be defined inline, in another file, or in a
Component
类型。
ListView { anchors.fill: parent clip: true model: nameModel delegate: nameDelegate header: bannercomponent footer: Rectangle { width: parent.width; height: 30; gradient: clubcolors } highlight: Rectangle { width: parent.width color: "lightgray" } } Component { //instantiated when header is processed id: bannercomponent Rectangle { id: banner width: parent.width; height: 50 gradient: clubcolors border {color: "#9EDDF2"; width: 2} Text { anchors.centerIn: parent text: "Club Members" font.pixelSize: 32 } } } Gradient { id: clubcolors GradientStop { position: 0.0; color: "#8EE2FE"} GradientStop { position: 0.66; color: "#7ED2EE"} }
The views handle dragging and flicking of their content, however they do not handle touch interaction with the individual delegates. In order for the delegates to react to touch input, e.g. to set the
currentIndex
，
MouseArea
with the appropriate touch handling logic must be provided by the delegate.
注意，若
highlightRangeMode
被设为
StrictlyEnforceRange
the currentIndex will be affected by dragging/flicking the view, since the view will always ensure that the
currentIndex
is within the highlight range specified.
ListView contents may be grouped into sections , where related list items are labeled according to their sections. Further, the sections may be decorated with delegates .
A list may contain a list indicating people's names and the team on which team the person belongs.
ListModel { id: nameModel ListElement { name: "Alice"; team: "Crypto" } ListElement { name: "Bob"; team: "Crypto" } ListElement { name: "Jane"; team: "QA" } ListElement { name: "Victor"; team: "QA" } ListElement { name: "Wendy"; team: "Graphics" } } Component { id: nameDelegate Text { text: name; font.pixelSize: 24 anchors.left: parent.left anchors.leftMargin: 2 } }
The
ListView
type has the
section
attached property
that can combine adjacent and related types into a section. The
section.property
determines which list type property to use as sections. The
section.criteria
can dictate how the section names are displayed and the
section.delegate
is similar to the views'
delegate
特性。
ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: nameModel delegate: nameDelegate focus: true highlight: Rectangle { color: "lightblue" width: parent.width } section { property: "team" criteria: ViewSection.FullString delegate: Rectangle { color: "#b0dfb0" width: parent.width height: childrenRect.height + 4 Text { anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter font.pixelSize: 16 font.bold: true text: section } } } }
Views need a
delegate
to visually represent an item in a list. A view will visualize each item list according to the template defined by the delegate. Items in a model are accessible through the
index
property as well as the item's properties.
Component { id: petdelegate Text { id: label font.pixelSize: 24 text: if (index == 0) label.text = type + " (default)" else text: type } }
The list view to which the delegate is bound is accessible from the delegate through the
ListView.view
property. Likewise, the
GridView
GridView.view
is available to delegates. The corresponding model and its properties, therefore, are available through
ListView.view.model
. In addition, any defined signals or methods in the model are also accessible.
This mechanism is useful when you want to use the same delegate for a number of views, for example, but you want decorations or other features to be different for each view, and you would like these different settings to be properties of each of the views. Similarly, it might be of interest to access or show some properties of the model.
In the following example, the delegate shows the property 语言 of the model, and the color of one of the fields depends on the property fruit_color of the view.
Rectangle { width: 200; height: 200 ListModel { id: fruitModel property string language: "en" ListElement { name: "Apple" cost: 2.45 } ListElement { name: "Orange" cost: 3.25 } ListElement { name: "Banana" cost: 1.95 } } Component { id: fruitDelegate Row { id: fruit Text { text: " Fruit: " + name; color: fruit.ListView.view.fruit_color } Text { text: " Cost: $" + cost } Text { text: " Language: " + fruit.ListView.view.model.language } } } ListView { property color fruit_color: "green" model: fruitModel delegate: fruitDelegate anchors.fill: parent } }
Data is provided to the delegate via named data roles which the delegate may bind to. Here is a ListModel with two roles, type and age ，和 ListView with a delegate that binds to these roles to display their values:
import QtQuick 2.0 Item { width: 200; height: 250 ListModel { id: myModel ListElement { type: "Dog"; age: 8 } ListElement { type: "Cat"; age: 5 } } Component { id: myDelegate Text { text: type + ", " + age } } ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: myModel delegate: myDelegate } }
If there is a naming clash between the model's properties and the delegate's properties, the roles can be accessed with the qualified
model
name instead. For example, if a
Text
type had
type
or
age
properties, the text in the above example would display those property values instead of the
type
and
age
values from the model item. In this case, the properties could have been referenced as
model.type
and
model.age
instead to ensure the delegate displays the property values from the model item.
A special
index
role containing the index of the item in the model is also available to the delegate. Note this index is set to -1 if the item is removed from the model. If you bind to the index role, be sure that the logic accounts for the possibility of index being -1, i.e. that the item is no longer valid. (Usually the item will shortly be destroyed, but it is possible to delay delegate destruction in some views via a
delayRemove
attached property.)
Models that do not have named roles (such as the ListModel shown below) will have the data provided via the modelData role. The modelData role is also provided for models that have only one role. In this case the modelData role contains the same data as the named role.
QML provides several types of data models among the built-in set of QML types. In addition, models can be created with Qt C++ and then made available to QQmlEngine for use by QML components. For information about creating these models, visit the Using C++ Models with Qt Quick Views and creating QML types articles.
Positioning of items from a model can be achieved using a Repeater .
ListModel is a simple hierarchy of types specified in QML. The available roles are specified by the ListElement 特性。
ListModel { id: fruitModel ListElement { name: "Apple" cost: 2.45 } ListElement { name: "Orange" cost: 3.25 } ListElement { name: "Banana" cost: 1.95 } }
The above model has two roles, name and cost . These can be bound to by a ListView delegate, for example:
ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: fruitModel delegate: Row { Text { text: "Fruit: " + name } Text { text: "Cost: $" + cost } } }
ListModel provides methods to manipulate the ListModel directly via JavaScript. In this case, the first item inserted determines the roles available to any views that are using the model. For example, if an empty ListModel is created and populated via JavaScript, the roles provided by the first insertion are the only roles that will be shown in the view:
ListModel { id: fruitModel } ... MouseArea { anchors.fill: parent onClicked: fruitModel.append({"cost": 5.95, "name":"Pizza"}) }
当
MouseArea
is clicked,
fruitModel
will have two roles,
cost
and
name
. Even if subsequent roles are added, only the first two will be handled by views using the model. To reset the roles available in the model, call
ListModel::clear
().
XmlListModel allows construction of a model from an XML data source. The roles are specified via the XmlRole type. The type needs to be imported.
import QtQuick.XmlListModel 2.0
The following model has three roles, title , link and description :
XmlListModel { id: feedModel source: "http://rss.news.yahoo.com/rss/oceania" query: "/rss/channel/item" XmlRole { name: "title"; query: "title/string()" } XmlRole { name: "link"; query: "link/string()" } XmlRole { name: "description"; query: "description/string()" } }
The
query
property specifies that the
XmlListModel
generates a model item for each
<item>
在 XML 文档。
The RSS News demo shows how XmlListModel can be used to display an RSS feed.
ObjectModel contains the visual items to be used in a view. When an ObjectModel is used in a view, the view does not require a delegate because the ObjectModel already contains the visual delegate (items).
The example below places three colored rectangles in a ListView .
import QtQuick 2.0 import QtQml.Models 2.1 Rectangle { ObjectModel { id: itemModel Rectangle { height: 30; width: 80; color: "red" } Rectangle { height: 30; width: 80; color: "green" } Rectangle { height: 30; width: 80; color: "blue" } } ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: itemModel } }
An integer can be used as a model that contains a certain number of types. In this case, the model does not have any data roles.
The following example creates a ListView with five elements:
Item { width: 200; height: 250 Component { id: itemDelegate Text { text: "I am item number: " + index } } ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: 5 delegate: itemDelegate } }
注意： The limit on the number of items in an integer model is 100,000,000.
An object instance can be used to specify a model with a single object type. The properties of the object are provided as roles.
The example below creates a list with one item, showing the color of the myText text. Note the use of the fully qualified model.color property to avoid clashing with color property of the Text type in the delegate.
Rectangle { width: 200; height: 250 Text { id: myText text: "Hello" color: "#dd44ee" } Component { id: myDelegate Text { text: model.color } } ListView { anchors.fill: parent anchors.topMargin: 30 model: myText delegate: myDelegate } }
Models can be defined in C++ and then made available to QML. This mechanism is useful for exposing existing C++ data models or otherwise complex datasets to QML.
For information, visit the Using C++ Models with Qt Quick Views article.
Repeaters create items from a template for use with positioners, using data from a model. Combining repeaters and positioners is an easy way to lay out lots of items. A Repeater item is placed inside a positioner, and generates items that the enclosing positioner arranges.
Each Repeater creates a number of items by combining each element of data from a model, specified using the model property, with the template item, defined as a child item within the Repeater. The total number of items is determined by the amount of data in the model.
The following example shows a repeater used with a Grid item to arrange a set of Rectangle items. The Repeater item creates a series of 24 rectangles for the Grid item to position in a 5 by 5 arrangement.
import QtQuick 2.0 Rectangle { width: 400; height: 400; color: "black" Grid { x: 5; y: 5 rows: 5; columns: 5; spacing: 10 Repeater { model: 24 Rectangle { width: 70; height: 70 color: "lightgreen" Text { text: index font.pointSize: 30 anchors.centerIn: parent } } } } }
The number of items created by a Repeater is held by its count property. It is not possible to set this property to determine the number of items to be created. Instead, as in the above example, we use an integer as the model.
更多细节，见 QML Data Models 文档。
If the model is a string list, the delegate is also exposed to a read-only
modelData
property that holds the string. For example:
Column { Repeater { model: ["apples", "oranges", "pears"] Text { text: "Data: " + modelData } } } |
|
It is also possible to use a delegate as the template for the items created by a Repeater. This is specified using the delegate 特性。
To change model data, you can assign updated values to the
model
properties. The QML
ListModel
is editable by default whereas C++ models must implement setData() to become editable. Integer and JavaScript array models are read-only.
Supposed a
QAbstractItemModel
based C++ model that implements the
setData
method is registered as a QML type named
EditableModel
. Data could then be written to the model like this:
ListView { anchors.fill: parent model: EditableModel {} delegate: TextEdit { width: ListView.view.width height: 30 text: model.edit Keys.onReturnPressed: model.edit = text } }
注意：
The
edit
role is equal to
Qt::EditRole
。见
roleNames
() for the built-in role names. However, real life models would usually register custom roles.
更多信息，拜访 Using C++ Models with Qt Quick Views article.
Transitions can be used to animate items that are added to, moved within, or removed from a positioner.
Transitions for adding items apply to items that are created as part of a positioner, as well as those that are reparented to become children of a positioner.
Transitions for removing items apply to items within a positioner that are deleted, as well as those that are removed from a positioner and given new parents in a document.
注意： Changing the opacity of items to zero will not cause them to disappear from the positioner. They can be removed and re-added by changing the visible property.
